2020年6月11日 星期四

On Tech: When Amazon flexes its power

Are big tech companies now too powerful to play fair?

When Amazon flexes its power

Erik Carter

It’s one of the elemental questions about big technology companies: Do they have so much sway that what would be normal behavior for typical companies is no longer innocuous?

ProPublica recently wrote the latest in a string of articles about Amazon and the products it makes to sell on its site. You probably know about AmazonBasics for batteries or cleaning rags, but there are several hundred thousand Amazon products under dozens of brand names. The company is finding ways to subtly nudge people to buy the in-house merchandise.

This isn’t so different from what stores like Walmart and Target do to get you to buy their own brands of cereal or T-shirts. The question is whether internet powerhouses are so different from retail stores that when they play by the old rules, it’s not OK anymore.

The difference between Amazon and Walmart, which sells far more merchandise, is how much more Amazon knows about what happens on its digital shelves than its competitors do.

Walmart doesn’t usually know that you’ve been in the store three times this month to browse for mattresses, but Amazon knows when you’re hunting around — on its own site and often elsewhere online, too.

Amazon might also watch what you’re buying from other companies and then use that information to more effectively make a competing version. The Wall Street Journal reported that it did this with car-trunk organizers, for example, in apparent violation of the company’s rules.

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Amazon’s site has become so popular that it’s now the starting point for the biggest chunk of Americans shopping online. This enables it to have the best information on what products sell or don’t online and at what prices. Amazon’s search box is a window into our desires, and many product manufacturers believe they can’t exist without selling on Amazon.

That data and heft arm Amazon with the information it needs to more effectively steer people to its products.

Amazon is not a normal store. It’s the infinite Everything Store with infinite information. That’s why the company’s marketing pitches for its own products are unlike any other form of advertising.

Those concerns are one reason regulators in the European Union are preparing to charge Amazon with violating antitrust rules, and why the authorities in the United States are investigating whether Amazon is abusing its power by giving itself a leg up over other companies that sell their products on its site.

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To Amazon and its defenders, this feels unfair. Amazon is just doing what stores have always done — just better.

This question about whether technology superpowers can play fair by the tried and true rules is a central legal, economic and ethical confrontation of our age.

It’s not just about whether Google is too big to be dethroned or Facebook is bad at policing speech on its online hangout. The conundrum is whether these giants are so mighty that they can’t operate fairly and effectively.

Curtailing facial recognition doesn’t require Congress

When Amazon flexes its power, part two.

Amazon said Wednesday that it was putting a one-year pause on letting the police use its facial recognition technology, called Rekognition, and said it hoped that would give Congress time to pass regulations on its use.

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Amazon didn’t give a reason, but the move comes amid nationwide protests against biased policing. Civil liberties advocates have been concerned that facial recognition misidentifies people with darker skin, is prone to overuse, and reinforces bias against black people.

Amazon had previously refused requests from privacy advocates to monitor whether law enforcement agencies were using Rekognition ethically.

IBM, which is a smaller supplier of facial recognition technology, said this week that it would stop its work on the technology.

This is another side of the power of these tech companies. A handful of big companies are so influential that their decisions alone can put the brakes on a divisive technology.

At times, this may lead to decisions you support. If you worry that facial recognition software is dangerous, then you’re probably relieved that Amazon, IBM and other companies have decided that their software is too flawed or prone to misuse to be used by the police without legal guidelines. (There will, of course, always be other companies that sell facial recognition.)

Even when I write about the dangers of powerful technology gatekeepers, I know we sometimes want them to flex their power.

I want Google and Facebook to push accurate information about the coronavirus to the people hanging out inside their digital walls. When Amazon cracks down on selling Nazi-themed books, it becomes much harder for people to buy them.

We might agree with these companies’ decisions or not. Either way, choices by a few big companies can affect millions of people, and the companies can move faster than governments can write laws. Their rules effectively serve as public policy.

We need to figure out how to thread the needle between demanding that companies use their power, and being worried when they do.

Before we go …

  • Not a lot of love for Facebook: Joe Biden’s presidential campaign plans to urge its supporters to demand that Facebook strengthen its rules against misinformation and hold politicians accountable for harmful comments, my colleague Cecilia Kang writes. Her article is a reminder that both major party candidates for the U.S. presidency have been critical of how Facebook polices its hangouts — for different reasons. Generally, President Trump wants Facebook to have a lighter touch over screening posts, while Mr. Biden wants more intervention.In a (saucy) response, Facebook said that elected leaders should be the ones to make the rules on important policy issues like appropriate political campaign messages.
  • “I know Goldfish and Fruit Gushers are dating.” Sit down and let my colleague Taylor Lorenz explain “Elite TikTok,” where kids and teenagers impersonate Vaseline, Burlington Coat Factory, and other corporations and products. The parody accounts sometimes pick fights with one another or couple up, and it’s all just intentionally bizarre chaos.
  • When the gatekeepers mistakenly enforce their rules: OneZero has an interesting dive into why hundreds of people who oppose white supremacy had their Facebook accounts temporarily suspended. They believe the company confused their subculture with neo-Nazi groups. Facebook said it reinstated the accounts.

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2020年6月10日 星期三

The T List: Five stories for Pride Month

Here, we revisit some of our favorite articles that discuss and examine queer culture.

In this special edition of the T List, in honor of Pride Month, T Magazine is sharing five articles from our archive that examine the people and art that have shaped our collective understanding of queerness today — from the female couples who own and operate their restaurants to the trans male actors pushing back against Hollywood norms to the women who identify as butch. Each piece is an essential read as well as a celebration of queer life. (Sign up here, if you haven’t already, and you can reach us at tlist@nytimes.com.)

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In Food

The Female Couples Remaking the Restaurant Industry

From left: Rita Sodi, Deborah VanTrece, Jocelyn Guest, Lorraine Lane, Jody Williams and Erika Nakamura — seen here with a bounty of their favorite dishes — are part of the growing cohort of female couples who run restaurants.Photograph by David Chow. Set design by Suzy Kim

By Ligaya Mishan

T Writer at Large

Women chefs are increasingly at the helm of their own establishments, and among them is a vanguard of couples who are changing the notion of a mom-and-pop. Their emergence comes at a critical moment: In 2017 and into 2018, a number of male chefs and restaurateurs were accused by former employees of making unwanted advances and fostering work environments in which men felt at liberty to grope women on staff. These stories are part of a larger pattern of brutality built into the bones of professional kitchens, many of which follow some form of the brigade de cuisine, essentially a caste system that mimics a military’s unyielding chain of command. And so it’s worth asking whether there’s a difference in restaurants run entirely by women — particularly ones run by female couples linked in life as in work, who consciously model collaboration from the top down. “We’re trying to create a different kind of environment that doesn’t exist outside our four walls,” says Ann Nadeau, who opened the Indian pizzeria Navi Kitchen in the Bay Area in 2017 with her wife, Preeti Mistry. At their restaurant — as at some others — no one rules by fear. Read the full story here.

In Art

The Gay Figure Artists Reimagining the Male Gaze

John MacConnell’s “Ernie” (2014), in pen and watercolor.John MacConnell, “Ernie,” 2014, watercolor and pen on paper

By Antwaun Sargent

T Contributor

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Working largely outside the gallery system, a group of illustrators, including John MacConnell, Louis Fratino, Kou Shou and Martin Bedolla, is reviving the discipline of male figure drawing and redefining how queer bodies are represented in art. The male nude is, of course, one of the oldest artistic fixations: The Riace bronzes, Greek sculptures cast around 450 B.C., depict naked, bearded warriors as exemplars of masculine strength and beauty; “Farnese Hercules,” a third-century B.C. marble sculpture of the mythical hero, once stood at Rome’s Baths of Caracalla. Over the next 2,000 years, capturing the male form became an essential artistic skill. But while some old masters fetishized the male body in barely coded ways, the idea of an openly queer artist expressing his desires from a queer perspective was only born in the last century. Today’s practitioners of the form are more often following in the footsteps of artists like David Hockney and Robert Mapplethorpe, normalizing gay bodies and desire and, in doing so, upending the traditional notion of the muse. Read the full story here.

In Entertainment

The Trans Actors Challenging Hollywood Norms

From left: Elliot Fletcher, Shaan Dasani, Theo Germaine, Leo Sheng and Scott Turner Schofield, photographed on Oct. 2, 2019, in downtown Los Angeles.Andy Freeberg

By David Ebershoff

T Contributor

Despite years of progress, trans male representation in film and television has remained all but nonexistent. Last year, as a black transgender man struggling to break into Hollywood, Brian Michael Smith saw no obvious trajectory to a meaningful career. Even a college acting teacher said no one would cast him. “I saw zero representation of transmasculinity,” he says, using an umbrella term that means different things to different people but often describes trans men and nonbinary people who identify more with masculinity. “It was very isolating to grow up and have these dreams. I didn’t see how I was going to be able to do it.” But instead of succumbing, Smith told himself to create his own path, and so he did. In fact, over the last year or so, we’ve witnessed more trans male and nonbinary actors onscreen than ever before, individuals who are updating and expanding the very idea of the leading man. Read the full story here.

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In History

The Contemporary Queer Artists Rewriting History

An original photograph commissioned by T that draws on themes of queer love and desire by subverting the style of a classical Renaissance painting.Photo by James Hawkinson. Styled by Jay Massacret
Author Headshot

By Jesse Green

Co-Chief Theater Critic

By revisiting and refuting the cultural history of the West, a number of artists are using time as their primary medium, looking backward to inform a different kind of gay future. Together they suggest not an invented false history but a secret real one, as if the queerness had always been there, a kind of digital potential waiting to be released. You can see it in the British writer Sarah Waters’s historical novels; the French filmmaker Céline Sciamma’s movie “Portrait of a Lady on Fire” (2019); the American playwright Matthew Lopez’s two-part drama, “The Inheritance” (which opened on Broadway this past November); and in art by Glenn Ligon, Catherine Opie and McDermott & McGough, to name just a sample from various disciplines. The watchcry for these works isn’t so much “Here I am” as “There we were.” Read the full story here.

In Culture

The Butches and Studs Subverting Traditional Ideas About Aesthetics and Identity

Standing, from left: the writer​ Patty Yumi Cottrell, the musician ​JD Samson, the artist A.K. ​Burns, the artist A.L. ​Steiner, the musician ​Meshell Ndegeocello, the artist ​Nicole Eisenman, the writer ​Eileen Myles, the writer ​Roxane Gay, the artist ​Mickalene Thomas, the filmmaker ​Lorena Russi, the filmmaker ​Su Friedrich, the artist ​Tiona Nekkia McClodden, the actor-model ​Jenny Shimizu and the writer ​Alison Bechdel. Seated, from left: the filmmaker ​Kimberly Peirce, the actor ​Roberta Colindrez, the choreographer ​Elizabeth Streb, the curator ​Pati Hertling, the artist ​Collier Schorr, the musician ​Toshi Reagon, the actor ​Lea DeLaria and the writer ​Casey Legler. Photographed at Outpost Studio in New York City on Jan. 27, 2020.Photo by Collier Schorr. Styled by Brian Molloy

By Kerry Manders

T Contributor

Queer culture and the arts would be much poorer without the presence and contribution of butch and stud lesbians, whose identity is both its own aesthetic and a defiant repudiation of the male gaze. “Butch” has long been the name we’ve given a certain kind — that kind — of lesbian. The old adage applies: You know her when you see her. She wears men’s clothing, short hair, no makeup. Butch is an aesthetic, but it also conveys an attitude and energy. Both a gender and a sexuality, butchness is about the body but also transcends it: “We exist in this realm of masculinity that has nothing to do with cis men — that’s the part only we [butches] know how to talk about,” says the 42-year-old writer, former Olympic swimmer and men’s wear model Casey Legler. “Many people don’t even know how to ask questions about who we are, or about what it means to be us.” Read the full story here and watch the accompanying short documentary here.

From T’s Instagram

#TBlackArtBlackLife

Eli Reed’s “Mother and Son in Bedford” (1986).Eli Reed/Magnum Photos

For T’s new Instagram series, we’re asking prominent black American artists to share a work of art, whether their own or one created by another, that shows black people in moments of joy, hope, dignity, pride, sorrow and agency. In a country where there is a pervasive and violent tendency to deny black Americans their full humanity, these artists’ selections — to say nothing of the individuals they depict — are resounding acts of resistance. Pictured here is “Mother and Son in Bedford” (1986) by the photographer Eli Reed, who says this of the work: “I took this picture in the Bed-Stuy neighborhood of Brooklyn in 1986. The day before, I had done photography on a New York magazine story about drug trade in one section of this area. I saw this woman on a neighborhood street and asked if I could come back the next day and photograph her. When I did, she brought me to the upstairs of this house into a room full of people sleeping. I sensed it was a place people went when they had nowhere else to go. But her son was there, and I could tell there was more to the story. She took such pride in him, and was so clearly doing what she needed to to take care of him. The lights were out in the room, but there can be light in a person, a spark in the eyes. A lot of people are going through difficulties, and you always want to see them rise above, and she was definitely that person on that day.” For future installments, follow us on Instagram.

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