2021年2月5日 星期五

On Tech: Winning with Uncle Sam’s help

Other countries are plowing cash into homegrown technologies. Should the United States follow?

Winning with Uncle Sam's help

Robert Beatty

To stay competitive against China, should the United States become a little more like it?

I'm being provocative, but that's essentially the question behind the U.S. government's plans to provide financial help to American-made computer chips, and maybe to other homegrown technologies, too.

In practice, the U.S. government subsidizes or props up industries all the time. But the idea of a government helping its favorite industries is something that the United States typically mocks as a perversion of the free markets. It's what China does, or what European governments do with their leading airplane maker.

That makes what's happening with computer chips just the beginning of a thorny policy debate: Should the government intervene more to create American winners, particularly in technology and other key areas? And if so, how?

What's happening: Computer chips are like the tiny brains or memory in everything from jet fighters and satellites to refrigerators and cars, as my colleagues Ana Swanson and Don Clark have written. Silicon Valley was named for a material in computer chips — and Intel was an industry pioneer and star. Not anymore.

Taiwanese firms including Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and South Korea's Samsung have leapt ahead in advanced designs, and they're kings of manufacturing now. The vast majority of the world's chips are made outside the United States, in part because of government subsidies abroad.

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The pandemic caused chip shortages that slowed U.S. car factories, leading to more urgency among the U.S. military and American corporations to have a safe and uninterrupted supply of chips closer at hand.

So last year, Intel and federal government agencies proposed financial help for American chip manufacturing. The result was an authorization of taxpayer money to subsidize U.S. chip factories and chip research in the military policy bill finalized a month ago.

Congress hasn't funded the program yet so the dollar amount and specifics are in limbo, Don told me. He also said that government money may take years to translate into more U.S.-made chips. But you get the goal: Ensure that more chips are churning inside America's borders, whether made by Intel or foreign chip makers on U.S. soil.

The bigger picture: The backdrop of all this is China. One fear is that perennial tensions between China and Taiwan could at some point disrupt the chip industry on the island and affect the rest of the world.

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The Chinese government also has been spending gobs of money to develop its own chip industry and rely less on imported chips and equipment.

In the political, military and economic competition between the United States and China, chips are one of the leading fronts.

What's next: It's an odd sight in Washington: Republican politicians who tend to prefer less government intervention are siding with politicians on the left to support more government backing of private companies. That's true for computer chips and in some other areas, including artificial intelligence, robotics and advanced manufacturing.

One question is how to support industries without wasting taxpayer money. Advocates for government help have backed more generous tax credits for companies' spending on research and development, government backing for basic scientific research, and taxpayer-funded investment funds in strategic industries like chips, batteries and cars. America has done this before, particularly in the 1980s and '90s when Japan was a rising economic power.

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This debate is about much more than one policy. It's about figuring out the appropriate role of government in the economy, and what America should do when other countries plow endless cash into their national champion companies.

And ultimately this is a window on a big question that I'm constantly pondering: What should the United States do about a future in which technology is becoming less American?

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A history lesson that might be relevant for chips

When I first heard about the proposals for government funding of the chip industry, I thought about the 1990s and equipment for telephone networks. (Yes, I am very cool.) Come with me on a trip through history.

North American companies were once the kings of another essential industry: the gear that telephone companies need to route the world's communications. But for complicated reasons, American titans including Lucent — a successor to the old Bell Labs — were sold to foreign companies or died.

Today, the world's leading telecom equipment company is China's Huawei, and the United States is freaking out about it.

So I wondered whether Huawei was a cautionary tale of America's missed opportunity. If the U.S. government had thrown taxpayer money behind the country's telecom sector in the 1990s, as it's doing now with chips, would Lucent have thrived and not Huawei?

I put that question to Rob Atkinson, who wrote a history last year of the decline of American telecom equipment companies. "If you really had wanted to save Lucent, yes, I think they could have survived" with U.S. government funding or loans, he said.

Dr. Atkinson is president of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, a research group that gets funding from telecom and tech companies including Intel.

Of course, there are complex reasons for the death of America's telecom companies and the rise of Huawei. I encourage you to read Dr. Atkinson's article for more. It's also impossible to know for sure whether U.S. government backing in prior decades would have really changed anything for Lucent and its peers.

Dr. Atkinson's organization supports more U.S. government investment in essential industries including chips. And like others who back those policies, Dr. Atkinson said America also needed to condition its trade and diplomacy with China on that country's slowing its heavy backing of homegrown industries.

Before we go …

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The Daily: What does climate change sound like?

How we tried to tell the story of a warming planet. Plus, the woman behind The Daily's crazy-busy calendar.

By Lauren Jackson

Hello! Phew, it's Friday. We had a big week on The Daily: GameStop. A vigilante mother's vengeance against a Mexican cartel. A coup in Myanmar.

When not making the show this week, our team was sharing close looks at the history of collaging, getting excited about NASA's new stamp collection and reading through your listening recommendations in our inbox. One suggestion to listen to a "sumptuous" 1935 orchestral performance was a favorite (I'm listening as I write this). As always, we're open to your recs.

This week in the newsletter, we take a look at how we're covering climate change — and introduce you to one of our beloved producers who helps make The Daily happen.

'No one story can capture the scale of this.'

A pump jack and wind turbines in Stanton, Texas. Last month, President Biden signed a sweeping series of executive actions to combat climate change, including pausing new federal oil leases.Brandon Thibodeaux for The New York Times

The climate emergency does not sound like a siren. There are, of course, the alarms of erratic hurricanes, uncontrolled wildfires and splintering ice shelves. But, for the most part, the crisis of our warming planet is quiet. It is the slow death of forests that once hummed, the muted bleaching of coral and the silence of governmental inaction.

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This lack of audio, combined with the incremental nature of the crisis, makes climate change a tricky topic to report in our narrative-driven medium. "How do you cover a crisis that affects everything and is still unfolding?" producer Michael Simon Johnson asked. "No one story can capture the scale of this."

But last month, when President Biden announced sweeping plans to reduce American emissions in his first few weeks in office, our team heard the possibility for an episode.

"While politics shouldn't be our only coverage angle, it at least opened up the possibility of being able to report on how the administration is handling the issue and what they plan to do about it," Michael said.

Still, the story didn't immediately materialize. When Michael and editor Marc Georges teamed up to build an episode around the news, they received the feedback that all of the focus on policy made the episode feel "like homework," Marc said.

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Then, a breakthrough: Marc had the idea of asking our environmental policy reporter, Coral Davenport, to envision what an American morning routine in 2035 could be if Mr. Biden's agenda was fully realized — a way of personalizing the policy agenda.

The team worked together to "put the listener in that world, get a sense of how different it could be," he said. "Then one of the first questions that comes to a listener's mind after that would likely be, 'Well, how do you get there?'"

In the episode, we hoped to convey that the answer to that question isn't neat — and that success will ultimately touch almost all aspects of culture and society. "Communities will be affected or displaced by changes in climate, there will be knockdown effects across the justice system and the economy and climate change will also affect the need and pace of technological innovation," Marc said.

Which means there are many more stories to tell on the topic. We've been inspired by our peers across the industry who are creatively pushing boundaries in climate change coverage (Michael recommends listening to "The Big One" by KPCC, which focuses on the potential societal effects of a pending disaster). And while we'll continue to evaluate whether the Biden administration is executing on its environmental ambitions, we also hope to imagine new possibilities for how to capture the scope and scale of the climate crisis, and all of its effects, in audio. We'd love your input as we do so.

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Alexandra Leigh Young: Producer, Calendar Whiz, Author, K-Pop Stan

Earl Wilson/The New York Times

By Desiree Ibekwe and Mahima Chablani

We wanted to give you more insight into the producers and editors who make the show happen. So we're starting a series of profiles that will help you get to know them a little better. First up, senior producer Alexandra Leigh Young.

First things first, how did you make your way to The Daily?

I started on the audio team back when there were only two producers! On one of my first days reporting to work, I entered the building to see newly elected President Donald Trump in the lobby, surrounded by hundreds of reporters and onlookers. I thought, "Well, I guess it's real — I work at The New York Times now!"

Before starting at The Times, I was a producer at WNYC's Radiolab and before that I had many jobs, one of which was producing tours for pop bands like Third Eye Blind, New Kids on the Block and Nick Lachey.

Tell us a bit about your role on the show.

My role is very different from the other senior producers on The Daily. While I do produce episodes, I spend much of my time looking at the weeks ahead, plotting out the show calendar and making sure that each story is pushing ahead as planned and is properly staffed, juggling everyone's schedules to make sure our incredible team gets some rest.

What is it like managing the calendar?

I think the technical term for it is "bananas." Typically, we have episodes planned out a week in advance, but, of course, when news breaks we have to drop everything and turn to that story, rearranging schedules and sometimes killing stories that get stale. Other times, we have to rerecord with reporters as a story that missed its air date evolves. As my colleague Theo Balcomb always says, it means we constantly have to stay "knees bent."

What's the craziest experience you've had crashing on an episode?

I'll never forget the time I closed the first Democratic debates in 2019. Debates are always guaranteed late nights, and that night we were about 40 minutes away from our 6 a.m. deadline when my colleague Rachel Quester yelled across her desk at me: All the tape in her audio editing session was suddenly corrupted.

With the first morning light filtering into our office windows, I frantically called our engineer Chris Wood in London, who always has a solution for us. I will never forget his calm but puzzled "hmmm" that signaled to me that we were screwed. We were not screwed — he eventually sorted out our problem — but there was a moment there when Rachel and I thought we were going to have to blow past our deadline to start over, something that has miraculously never happened on the show. My blood pressure still hasn't recovered from that night.

And what episode of The Daily are you proudest to have been a part of?

I am deeply proud of the episode we made at the start of the pandemic, "New York City Grinds to a Halt." In 30 years, when I look back on this pandemic and all that we've been through, I will think of that episode.

Finally, is there anything else you'd like to tell newsletter readers about yourself?

My literary agent would be very unhappy with me if I didn't mention that I wrote a book! It's a young adult novel about a Chinese-American girl who pursues her K-pop dreams in Seoul (because, yes, I stan for K-pop). It's called "Idol Gossip," and it comes out on Sept. 14. It's my first novel and I'm very excited about it! I've also started to write my second novel during quarantine.

On The Daily this week

Monday: Who was behind the GameStop rebellion? And how did they do it?

Tuesday: A look at President Biden's plans for the environment.

Wednesday: We present the story of one mother's implausible quest to bring a cartel to justice for the murder of her daughter.

Thursday: The rise and fall of Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar's civilian leader ousted in this week's military coup.

That's it for The Daily newsletter. See you next week.

Have thoughts about the show? Tell us what you think at thedaily@nytimes.com.

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