2021年2月17日 星期三

On Tech: The internet is splintering

Facebook and Google exist in so many countries. Who should decide the rules in each one?

The internet is splintering

Dev Valladares

Each country has its own car safety regulations and tax codes. But should every country also decide its own bounds for appropriate online expression?

If you have a quick answer, let me ask you to think again. We probably don't want internet companies deciding on the freedoms of billions of people, but we may not want governments to have unquestioned authority, either.

Some Germans might agree with a law that prohibits online posts that their government views as hate speech. But what about the Germans who feel they're shut down for expressing such views? And what should Facebook or Google do if an increasingly authoritarian government in Turkey uses similar rules to silence its citizens, or if Poland's anti-censorship law lets politicians smear their constituents?

Regulating online expression in any single country — let alone in the world — is a messy set of trade offs with no easy solutions. Let me lay out some of the issues:

The "splinternet" is here: The utopian idea of the internet was that it would help tear down national boundaries, but technology watchers have been warning for decades that it could instead build those barriers even higher. That vision, often called the "splinternet," is real, said Mishi Choudhary, a lawyer who started an organization in India representing the rights of internet users and software developers.

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She told me that there was a period until about a decade ago when governments didn't fully grasp the power of the internet, but then slowly the authorities wanted more control — for reasons both good and bad.

"Governments are very powerful, and they don't like to be displaced," she said.

So who decides? That's the fundamental question that the former U.N. official David Kaye posed to me about a dispute between Twitter and India over the government's demands to delete online material. And I'll say it again, there isn't a simple answer.

"I don't think it's as simple as a government told a company to obey a law and so it should," said Chinmayi Arun, a fellow at Yale Law School and the founding director of the Center for Communication Governance at India's National Law University Delhi. "If the companies are confronted with knowing that a law interferes with human freedom, then I think it's a cop-out for them to throw up their hands and say, 'We don't have a choice.'"

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Internet companies including Google and Facebook do regularly push back when they believe that the authorities are violating basic human rights. This is often a good and desirable thing. Except when it isn't. And that view is subjective.

If I were a Thai citizen who wanted the monarchy to have less power, I might be happy for Facebook to defy my government. But if I supported the monarchy, I might feel aggrieved that a foreign company wasn't respecting our laws.

Internet powers still have to make judgment calls: People like Mark Zuckerberg or Microsoft's chief executive say that they want countries to tell them what to do on tricky questions of online expression, and their reasoning makes sense. These decisions are hard! But no matter what rules governments make, any internet gathering space will still have to use its own judgment.

Evelyn Douek, a lecturer at Harvard Law School, told me that even when countries like Germany pass laws about online speech, it's still the responsibility of internet companies to interpret whether millions of posts are on the right side of the law. That goes for the United States, too, where companies are largely left to decide their own bounds of acceptable online expression.

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Countries and international bodies should "do more to establish more clear guard rails and processes for internet platforms," Douek said, but "they're never going to take decision making out of these platforms."

Is there a middle ground? The splinternet fear is often presented as a binary choice between one global Facebook or Google, or 200 versions. But there are ideas floating around to set a global baseline of online expression, and a process for adjudicating disputes.

A coalition called the Global Network Initiative has worked for years to set a code of conduct for tech and telecom companies to protect online speech and privacy globally. Groups including Article 19, which works on promoting freedom of expression, and Facebook's Oversight Board have also worked on resolution mechanisms for people around the world to challenge internet companies' decisions.

If you're thinking all of this is a mess — yes, it is. Speech on the internet is a relatively new thing, and we're still very much figuring it out.

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Before we go …

  • He may not be funny funny, but he's definitely consultant funny: There are a zillion advisory firms that help businesses buy technology, and almost none of them could remotely be described as hilarious. My colleague Dai Wakabayashi found the exception: An Amazon cloud computing billing expert who pokes fun at the company and is popular enough to pose for selfies at a tech conference. (It is a very nerdy conference.)
  • Not a great look for Amazon in India: Reuters reported on internal Amazon documents that describe ways the company circumvented India's online shopping regulations that are intended to protect smaller merchants.
  • Avoiding the sea of knockoff masks: My colleague Brian X. Chen explains how to buy medical-grade masks online without falling for scams. See also: The writer Zeynep Tufekci asks, "Why can't the proper masks just be made, sold and distributed en masse?"

Hugs to this

Please enjoy this tale of a century-old merry-go-round and the magical moment when it briefly spun to life again.

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How to Make Summer Plans When Everything’s Uncertain

Camp? Summer School? Family Visits?

How to Make Summer Plans When Everything's Uncertain

Eleni Kalorkoti

Summer planning has long been a vexing and expensive puzzle for many parents, who use a mishmash of camp, family help and cobbled together vacation days to cover child care when kids are out of school. Now, for a second year, we have virus concerns to pile atop that heap of issues, and yet the calendar continues to flip forward and children still need to be occupied between June and September.

Let's start with a bit of good news from infectious disease specialists. "I think things are not as dire this summer. We have a lot to be optimistic about," said Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine and co-director of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development.

The United States will finally have an adequate supply of vaccines by the summer, Dr. Hotez said, and we can go into the school break knowing that a good chunk of adults will be protected — though children will not start getting vaccinated until late summer, at the earliest. (Vaccine trials for children under 6 are just beginning now.)

The big wild card is the new variants of the virus. "States are starting to open up, so we could see a resurgence," with these new strains, "and if that were to happen, that really changes things," said Dr. Sean O'Leary, an executive member of the American Academy of Pediatrics's Committee on Infectious Diseases.

Knowing that information, how do you make choices for your family this summer? Here are some tips.

When weighing a choice, always think about the alternative. Whether you're considering sending your child to camp, summer school or to spend time with newly vaccinated family members — think about what the alternative is, said Emily Oster, a professor of economics at Brown University and the creator of the Covid-19 School Response Dashboard. For school, the alternative is remote school. If the summer option you're weighing is camp, what would your child be doing otherwise? What are the benefits and drawbacks of those choices for your family?

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Especially this year, it's important to weigh social and emotional development as a factor alongside virus risks if your kids are in elementary school and have been remote since March 2020. "Another summer of remote school, even if it lets your kid move forward in math, may have less value than a summer of digging in the dirt," Oster said.

Check out health guidelines from trustworthy sources. Dr. O'Leary recommended consulting the American Academy of Pediatrics's suggestions for camps. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also has a list of guidelines for camps and youth programs. Both of these lists can help you assess camps or other in-person activities for your kids, and can give you a set of questions to ask about safety procedures. Here are some to get you started: How big are the groups of children? Do they mix with children outside their group? What happens if there is a case of Covid-19 at camp? Will there be masking, and in what circumstances?

Sleep-away camp is risky, but it's still an option. Even last summer, some sleep-away camps stayed open. Dr. O'Leary said the C.D.C. studied Covid in camp settings in Maine and Georgia in 2020, with very different outcomes.

Four overnight camps in Maine had no infections, during 6 to 8 weeks of camp, with the following safety measures in place: pre-arrival quarantine; pre- and post-arrival testing and symptom screening; keeping kids in small pods and not mixing with children outside those groups; use of face coverings; physical distancing; and maximal outdoor programming.

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At a camp in Georgia, where campers did not wear masks — and there were a variety of indoor and outdoor activities, which included group singing and cheering in close proximity — there was a major Covid-19 outbreak. Results from testing done between the first day of camp and 14 days after camp ended were available for about 60 percent of campers and counselors; among these tests, 76 percent were positive.

If you're considering sending a child to overnight camp, make sure their protocol is like Maine's, not Georgia's.

"Beware the Ides of March," Dr. Hotez said. Both he and Dr. O'Leary emphasized that we are not out of the woods yet in terms of virus transmission. The drop we're currently seeing in infections and deaths in the United States — a 41 percent decline in cases, 22 percent decline in deaths and 29 percent decline in hospitalizations in the past two weeks — may surge back up because of the new virus strains. If we want to plan the best summer for our families, we need to stay vigilant for the near term while more adults are getting vaccinated. "We have a lot to look forward to, but it's going to be a terrible spring," Dr. Hotez said.

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