2021年5月4日 星期二

The return of “family values”

It's not culture; it's the opportunity.
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By Paul Krugman

Opinion Columnist

As I noted in today's column, Republican attacks on Bidenomics as an economic policy seem very low energy. Yes, the usual people are saying the usual things, but it seems perfunctory: they're mumbling jobkillingbiggovernmentsocialist because it's expected of them, but their hearts don't seem to be in it.

All the passion is instead coming from the attempt to reframe economic policy debates as battles in a culture war, with Democrats pursuing lefty social engineering while the G.O.P. stands up as the defender of traditional values. Republicans clearly want to revisit the early 1990s, when conservative intellectuals like Gertrude Himmelfarb were insisting that our social ills could be attributed to the decline of family life, not economic forces — and politicians like Dan Quayle were campaigning not against progressive economics but against TV shows that normalized single motherhood.

But 2021 isn't 1992. A lot has happened to our society over the past generation, some of it bad, some of it good, and all of it undermining the once dominant narrative about "family values."

If you believe that Leave it to Beaver families are the bedrock of social order, you must believe that modern America is in deep trouble. Take one indicator of family decline, births out of wedlock. (Whether such births are necessarily an indicator of trouble is a question I'll come back to.) Here's a table from Child Trends showing the huge rise in such births, especially among less educated white Americans:

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What's happening to less-educated white Americans?Child Trends

The geography of family decline is particularly interesting. While out-of-wedlock births have been rising everywhere, their surge has been especially intense in the South and the eastern heartland. And yes, there's a strong correlation between family decline and a state's politics, with Trump-voting states having higher rates of unmarried motherhood. "Only" 32 percent of babies are born to unmarried mothers in liberal Massachusetts; in deep red Kentucky the number is 42 percent.

Obviously voting for Donald Trump doesn't cause unmarried pregnancies — or "deaths of despair," that is, deaths from drugs, alcohol or suicide, which have surged in pretty much the same places. What's actually happening in family-decline regions of America is clearly economic distress: these are the parts of the nation that have been left behind as prosperity increasingly concentrates in big metropolitan areas with highly educated work forces.

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All of this amounts to a confirmation of the famous thesis of the sociologist William Julius Wilson, who was in effect the anti-Himmelfarb, and who argued that social decay in inner cities was the result, not of culture, but of declining economic opportunity.

Imagine that you were an evil social scientist who wanted to test Wilson's thesis. What would you do? You would destroy economic opportunities for a large number of rural white people, and see what happened to their families. Well, that's more or less what transpired — and lack of opportunity turns out to be just as socially disruptive for rural white Americans as it was for Black Americans in urban areas.

But is the decline of traditional families a cause as well as an effect? Does the shift away from male-breadwinner households point to social catastrophe? Much of the doomsaying about family values in the early 1990s was motivated by fears that the changing American family was behind skyrocketing crime, and that things would get even worse in the decades ahead. But a funny thing happened on the way to social collapse: families headed by male breadwinners continued to disappear, but our cities got much safer:

The crime wave that wasn'tPew Research Center

It turns out that Victorian family values aren't as essential to society as many thought. Indeed, a number of European countries have very high rates of unmarried motherhood but thanks to strong safety nets seem to do just fine on other measures of social cohesion.

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Now, if there's one thing we've learned about modern U.S. politics it is that conservatives won't stop trying to wage culture war because of facts that don't fit their narrative. But I do wonder whether the disconnect between their vision and the realities of American life, both good and bad, will limit the culture war's effectiveness. Who, besides people already deeply committed to a Trumpist view of the world, will be convinced that Joe Biden is waging war on families?

Quick Hits

Katie Porter, one of the most impressive progressives in Congress, is also a single mother.

What the future was supposed to look like.

Crime in the pandemic.

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Facing the Music

What's normal, anyway?YouTube

What I immediately thought of when J.D. Vance went on about "normal Americans."

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On Tech: Stores still matter. Where’s Amazon?

People are eager to return to grocery stores, but Amazon seems to be missing the opportunity.

Stores still matter. Where's Amazon?

Irene Suosalo

Amazon has been so successful in the last year that words almost fail me. Except in one area.

Sales at Amazon's stores, mostly from its Whole Foods grocery chain, fell by 15 percent in the first three months of this year compared with the same period in 2020. Those sales have now been declining for a year.

The numbers from Amazon have gaping holes that make it hard to know exactly what's happening. But we can tell that something isn't quite working.

Nearly four years after Amazon agreed to a huge deal to buy Whole Foods and a year into a pandemic that played into the tech giant's strengths, it's worth asking two questions: Is Amazon losing in groceries? And why has one of the world's most ambitious and inventive companies mostly been a follower rather than a leader in one of the biggest spending categories for Americans?

What Amazon does in groceries matters to all Americans, even if we never buy milk and bananas from the company. Consumers and Amazon's competitors consider it to be at the cutting edge of innovation. But that's not the case in groceries — at least not yet.

Let me backtrack to those falling sales numbers from Amazon's physical stores. The problem is that those numbers don't include the grocery orders that people place online and then pick up at stores or have delivered. Those sales have mushroomed during the pandemic for Amazon and its competitors.

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An Amazon spokesman told me that adding up all of the ways that people are grocery shopping from Whole Foods, including online ordering for pickup or deliveries, shows that the company's sales have been increasing. Amazon doesn't give specifics, however, which is often a sign that the numbers aren't amazing. If Amazon is selling many more groceries than it did before the pandemic — as is the case with Walmart and Target — the company is being uncharacteristically quiet about it.

This makes me wonder whether Walmart's grocery sales, which increased by 9 percent in the year that ended on Jan. 31, are growing faster than Amazon's. That shouldn't be happening, given both Walmart's mammoth lead over Amazon in grocery sales.

I'm also going to say something that might sound wacky after a year of manic shopping by clicks: Real life grocery stores still matter. A lot. And that's not a great sign for Amazon.

Sucharita Kodali, who studies shopping and consumer behavior for the research firm Forrester, recently dug into our pandemic-altered habits and found that many people were eager to roam the grocery aisles again.

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Yes, many people tried grocery delivery or curbside pickups at stores for the first time during the pandemic, and some of those habits will stick. But, Kodali wrote in a recent report, "The vast majority of grocery sales in the U.S. happen and will continue to happen in stores."

Stores are familiar to navigate, and some people are nostalgic for their old habits, Kodali told me. And many people, according to Forrester's analysis, have been discouraged by botched orders, high prices or other problems with online grocery shopping.

Many companies, including Amazon, Target and Walmart, also pluck many items for online grocery orders from the regular store shelves. Grocery sellers need their stores for both in-person shopping and the virtual kind.

Let's see what happens to Amazon in the coming months. Those in-store sales could bounce back as city dwellers near Whole Foods stores come back and as office workers grab prepared meals again.

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But no matter what, Amazon's blah Whole Foods sales are worth paying attention to. They're another sign that something is amiss in what has been 15 years of Amazon's mostly disjointed and unsuccessful strategy in groceries.

Walmart, the regional chain Kroger, and start-ups like Instacart and Uber are trying clever ideas to shake up the grocery industry. Besides its still-unproven technology to skip the cashier lines at stores, Amazon's big move in groceries seems to be opening a new chain in addition to Whole Foods.

I remain interested in what Amazon does in groceries. But for now, maybe we should pay less attention to Amazon in this area until it shows that whatever it's doing is working.

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Before we go …

  • Mr. Beast Inc.: Jimmy Donaldson, the YouTube star known as Mr. Beast, is trying to build a business empire that includes investments in other online personalities and lending his name to a burger chain. My colleague Taylor Lorenz wrote about the behind-the-scenes strife in Mr. Beast's inner circle and whether people with big online followings can also build sustainable businesses.
  • Self-help and chaos in India: Indians using social media to find hospital beds and medical supplies during the country's coronavirus surge have a problem: They are overwhelmed by a deluge of unverified information, and some of them want social media companies to help, Bloomberg News reported. Rest of World also wrote about online self-help groups in India that have been questioned or shut down by the police.
  • Lumberjack TikTok? There is a bubble. In lumber. For real. And that has inspired lumber-related memes and turned a Canadian logger into a lumberjack TikTok star, Vox wrote.

Hugs to this

Here is Becky the hedgehog getting a bath and LOVING IT. (I think.)

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