2021年6月30日 星期三

On Tech: Why the internet didn’t melt down

At the start of the pandemic some feared the internet wouldn't be able to keep up. Luckily, they were wrong.

Why the internet didn't melt down

Kiel Mutschelknaus

We're more than a year into Zoom work calls, Netflix marathons and most of us being online more for everything. And the internet has not melted into goo, as some experts feared at the onset of the pandemic.

Households, organizations and individual websites have had connection problems, but the basic plumbing of the internet has mostly held together. It shows that technologists learned from past mistakes when the internet did break and built a more adaptable system over decades.

As the United States starts to open back up, I wanted to take a moment to assess what has gone right and appreciate the people and technologies that made our digital life sustainable. Nerds, I salute you.

I called Justine Sherry, an assistant professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University, to ask her why there haven't been catastrophic internet failures despite wild spikes in online traffic during the pandemic. Last year, even Mark Zuckerberg was worried that his company might not be able to keep up with all of the people hopping on Facebook's apps.

Dr. Sherry gave me two explanations. First, she said, the internet's biggest vulnerability — its interconnectedness — is also its greatest strength. And second, digital services have been cleverly designed for weird and imperfect conditions.

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"The underlying infrastructure that makes everything work is constantly adapting to failures, and it's doing a pretty good job," Dr. Sherry told me.

Her first point is largely about the prevalence of cloud computing. The technology, popularized in part by Amazon, essentially lets any website or app pay for someone else to handle all or parts of its digital operations instead of doing it on its own.

There are downsides to this approach. When one widely used cloud computing company has a problem — and it happens fairly regularly — it can crash the websites of banks, cripple supermarket checkouts, disable email and stop people from accessing news outlets online, including The New York Times.

The root cause of this fragility of our internet plumbing is also a strength. Because so much of the world's digital services are handled by huge computer systems like Amazon's and Google's, many digital services can be more flexible in responding to spikes in demand and can more easily route around problems.

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Dr. Sherry also talked me through a couple of other internet design technologies that have been essential to handle major increases in web traffic.

She told me about a technology pioneer, Van Jacobson, who invented software to automatically slow down internet data when online networks are clogged. She compared it to the freeway metering systems that limit the number of cars entering on-ramps during rush hour so that roads don't become completely gridlocked.

Dr. Sherry said that his invention was a response to unusable internet in the mid-1980s, when networks mostly used by universities kept breaking when too many people were online at once. Congestion control algorithms are now widely used. And web video companies have designed software on a similar premise to automatically downgrade internet video quality if internet networks are clogged.

Those techniques, Dr. Sherry said, are adaptations based on the principle that the internet is never going to be perfect, and anything we access online must be able to function under less-than-ideal conditions. "The broad theme of all this is agility and adaptability," she said.

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Yes, online services in many countries did bog down when the pandemic hit last year, and internet service providers and website operators scrambled to add more computers and capacity to unclog networks. Our home networks and the individual internet connections running into our homes tend to be the most common points of failure. But again, the architecture of the broad internet system is fairly healthy.

I asked Dr. Sherry if we should take more notice of what works about the internet. Should we thank Van Jacobson when Netflix streams pretty well while we're riding in a moving car?

She said that not noticing is a sign of a system working as intended. "I don't know that much about how my car works," Dr. Sherry said. "I trust it."

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Before we go …

  • Computers have the same flaws as humans: People train the machines and therefore our biases can creep into artificial intelligence systems. My colleague Cade Metz writes about people and organizations that are trying to identify and remove bias from artificial intelligence software before it's widely used for high-stakes decisions like who should receive housing, health care and credit.
  • More evidence of the internet's age verification problem: U.S. law effectively requires websites and apps to get parental permission before children under 13 use online services, but it's difficult to enforce the rules. One example: TikTok said it removed more than seven million accounts in the early months of 2021 because the company believed they belonged to children under 13, Axios reports. My colleagues last year wrote about the large percentage of TikTok users that are most likely underage.
  • A phone company doing something clever?!?! T-Mobile is letting people test drive its mobile phone service without signing up, The Verge reported. People with newer iPhones can download an app and try the T-Mobile network side-by-side with their existing phone carrier for 30 days.

Hugs to this

Here is Sivuqaq the walrus clapping, loud enough to be heard on the other side of his tank's four-inch-thick glass walls. My colleague Sabrina Imbler explained how and why Sivuqaq claps.

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We’ll Get Along … When Pigs Fly

Finding peace with my son in the pages of 'Charlotte's Web.'

We'll Get Along … When Pigs Fly

By Bonnie Tsui

Charlotte Mei

Lately my 8-year-old and I have been butting heads. We're quite alike, as family members go. Not only do photos of Teddy and me as chubby babies, toddlers and grade-schoolers overlap seamlessly — save for my sprouting pigtails — but our temperaments, too, have much in common. We share an easy laugh, a sunny disposition and emotional sensitivity to other people, which is generally a good thing, but lately we've verged into mutual tantrums. Meltdowns had never been my M.O., but they have become his, and he is preternaturally gifted at igniting my fury, so we blow up together.

A dear friend from college, always gentle in face and manner and now applying those traits to the fullest as an Episcopal minister, told a group of us once: "I never knew my capacity for rage until I had children." I'll paraphrase as it applies to me: I never knew I could yell this loudly until children came out of my body.

Like Teddy, I was always soft-spoken, to a fault. I was told to speak up well into adulthood. But when I became a parent, something changed — my diaphragm can now tap into the volume reserve of an opera singer. The caveat is that it can only be activated by my children, or in thunderous incantation of their names: "FELIX! TEDDY! GO TO BED!" Their bickering is incessant in the evening.

Right up until the moment the squabbling starts, however, those same two children are often reading. Reading is something our family agrees on fundamentally, elementally, constitutionally. There is limited couch-related real estate in our living room. My husband and I are always jockeying for the good spot on the love seat by the window. It is ideal for one horizontal body with a book, but can, if necessary, accommodate two bodies and two books, with overlapping limbs.

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We read at all hours of the day. I almost wrote especially in the morning and the evening hours, but that would be a lie. Currently it's lunchtime, and we all have our faces in books. Felix and Teddy have been more than capable of reading to themselves for many years now, but there is something special that happens when a book or author evokes a request for being read to: A tentative peace is restored. It happens when we crack open Roald Dahl, in particular the very juicy and naughty "The Witches"; "The Wild Robot" books by Peter Brown; and Greek mythology. And now, recently unearthed, my ancient, beloved, taped-together copy of E.B. White's "Charlotte's Web."

Reading it aloud has done something to us. Teddy and I take turns, alternating pages. I listen to his voice and he listens to mine. We laugh, sometimes in anticipation of what the other is going to say. It's an exercise in empathy — with each other, and with Fern, Wilbur, Charlotte, and the tiny-yet-enormous dramas of the Zuckerman farm. Even with that rather unpleasant rat, Templeton, who nobody seems to like. When I read Wilbur's plaintive cry out loud — "I don't want to die!" — my eyes fill. I remember my 6-year-old self saying those very words to my mother, in full-body resistance to a visit to my great-grandfather's grave. I see Teddy tear up, too. We reckon with life and death, together.

It all calls to mind a very specific feeling from my childhood, after some perceived injustice involving my parents. I recall slamming the door to my room, then writing furiously, righteously, in my diary: "I will never, EVER, forget this feeling of being a kid. I will always remember and I will always understand MY kids, when I have them."

Of course I forget the specifics of the long-ago slight, and the ensuing fight. There is a Templeton-sized hole gnawed into my memory when it comes to what actually happened, but I remember the feeling. The feeling, of course, was what mattered. I wanted to be seen, and heard, and recognized as someone who mattered. And I have been reminding myself, when I am forced to confront a Teddy transformed by uncontrollable feeling, to navigate the space between us with that particular understanding as an antidote secreted away in my pocket.

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Even in the act of doing it, I understand that reading "Charlotte's Web" together is a moment I am freezing in time. It doesn't escape my notice that Teddy is 8, the age of Wilbur's tender fledgling owner, Fern. Teddy's older brother, Felix, is 10, the same age as Fern's older brother, Avery. Felix doesn't join in our read-alouds, but he can be seen lurking around us as the story unspools day by day.

Summer is about to end in the book; in the here and now, summer is just beginning. Charlotte knows she doesn't have much time left to enact her miracle and save Wilbur from an untimely death, before she herself has to take leave of her beloved friend. The crickets are already singing their song of nostalgia. Everything comes to an end, and everyone on the farm knows it.

Me, I'm listening, watching, remembering. Reading each page as slowly as I can.

Bonnie Tsui is the author of "Why We Swim." Her first children's book, "Sarah and the Big Wave," was published in May.

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Tiny victories

Parenting can be a grind. Let's celebrate the tiny victories.

The cleanup after dinner used to drag and be a lot of push and pull. But now that my 4-year-old got a small stuffed animal dog named Snowflake, I just have to say, "Snowflake wants to live in a clean house," and, just like that, he zaps around the house and cleans up. — Nasim Ahmadiyeh, Kansas City, Mo.

If you want a chance to get your Tiny Victory published, find us on Instagram @NYTparenting and use the hashtag #tinyvictories; email us; or enter your Tiny Victory at the bottom of this page. Include your full name and location. Tiny Victories may be edited for clarity and style. Your name, location and comments may be published, but your contact information will not. By submitting to us, you agree that you have read, understand and accept the Reader Submission Terms in relation to all of the content and other information you send to us.

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